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Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (1137/1138 – March 1193),betterknownin the Western world as Saladin, was the first Sultan ofEgyptandSyria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. A MuslimofKurdishorigin, Saladin led the Muslim opposition to theEuropeanCrusadersin the Levant. At the height of his power, hissultanateincludedEgypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, Yemen and otherparts ofNorthAfrica. Originally sent to Fatimid Egypt by his ZengidlordNurad-Din in 1163, Saladin climbed the ranks of theFatimidgovernmentby virtue of his military successes againstCrusaderassaults onits territory and his personal closeness to thecaliphal-Adid.When Saladin's uncle Shirkuh died in 1169,al-AdidappointedSaladin vizier, a rare nomination of a Sunni Muslimtosuch animportant position in the Shia Muslim-led caliphate.Duringhisterm as vizier Saladin began to underminetheFatimidestablishment, and following al-Adid's death in 1171 hetookoverthe government and realigned the country's allegiancewiththeBaghdad-based Abbasid Caliphate. In the following years,heledforays against the Crusaders in Palestine, orderedthesuccessfulconquest of Yemen and staved off pro-Fatimidrebellionsin UpperEgypt. Not long after the death of Nur ad-Din in1174,Saladinpersonally led the conquest of Syria, peacefullyenteringDamascusat the request of its governor. By mid-1175,Saladin hadconqueredHama and Homs, inviting the animosity of hisformer Zengidlords,who had been the official rulers of Syria. Soonafter, hedefeatedthe Zengid army in battle and was thereafterproclaimed the"Sultanof Egypt and Syria" by the Abbasid caliphal-Mustadi. Hemadefurther conquests in northern Syria and Jazira,escapingtwoattempts on his life by the Assassins, before returningto Egyptin1177 to address issues there. By 1182, Saladincompletedtheconquest of Syria after capturing Aleppo, butultimately failedtotake over the Zengid stronghold of Mosul. UnderSaladin'spersonalleadership, the Ayyubid army defeated theCrusaders at thedecisiveBattle of Hattin in 1187, leading the wayto theMuslims're-capture of Palestine from the Crusaders whohadconquered it 88years earlier. Though the Crusader KingdomofJerusalem wouldcontinue to exist for an extended period, itsdefeatat Hattinmarked a turning point in its conflict with theMuslimpowers ofthe region. In 1193 he died in Damascus, havinggiven muchof hiswealth to his subjects. He is buried in a mausoleumadjacentto theUmayyad Mosque. Saladin has become a prominent figureinMuslim,Arab, Turkish and Kurdish culture. App Feature : -Have7avalaiblelanguageEnglish,Arab,Indon,Malay,French,Benggali,RussiaandTurkish

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