Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of thefive major groups of lipoproteins, which in order of size, largestto smallest, are chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL, that enabletransport of multiple different fat molecules, includingcholesterol, within the water around cells and within thewater-based bloodstream. Studies have shown that higher levels oftype-B LDL particles promote health problems and cardiovasculardisease, they are often informally called the bad cholesterolparticles, (as opposed to HDL particles, which are frequentlyreferred to as good cholesterol or healthy cholesterolparticles).

Renal function is an indication of the stateof the kidney and its role in renal physiology. Glomerularfiltration rate (GFR) describes the flow rate of filtered fluidthrough the kidney. Creatinine clearance rate (CCr or CrCl) is thevolume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine per unit timeand is a useful measure for approximating the GFR. A commonly usedsurrogate marker for estimate of creatinine clearance is theCockcroft-Gault formula, which in turn estimates GFR in ml/min. Itis named after the scientists who first published the formula, andit employs serum creatinine measurements and a patient's weight topredict the creatinine clearance.

The NIHSS is a 15-item neurologic examinationstroke scale used to evaluate the effect of acute cerebralinfarction on the levels of consciousness, language, neglect,visual-field loss, extraocular movement, motor strength, ataxia,dysarthria, and sensory loss.

The modified Rankin scale is a 6 pointdisability scalewith possible scores ranging from 0 up to 5. A separate category(of 6) is sometimes added for patients who die. The modified Rankinscale has been used widely in both secondary prevention and acutestroke trials,including most of the thrombolysis trials.In order todetect a treatment effect or to demonstrate clinical improvement,it is important that patients are rated in a consistent manner,minimising variability.

In adults, the best equation for estimatingglomerular filtration rate (GFR) from serum creatinine is theisotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS)-traceable Modification ofDiet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation1. All laboratories areusing creatinine methods calibrated to be IDMS traceable.

NIHSS是美国国卫院所建立对于脑中风病人整体严重度的客观评估标准，可用于筛选适合施打rt-PA之病人，太严重(超过26分)及太轻微(不足4分)之病人都不适合施打。此中风量表是在1980年代，为缺血性脑中风治疗之临床研究计划，所设计出来的一个标准化神经学检查量表(Goldstein LB, et al. Arch Neurol 1989)。目前经常作为缺血性脑中风时药物治疗与临床预后的量化评估工具。

Individualized dosage. Administer as dilutedIV infusion. Levophed SF Initial dose: 2-3 mL/min. Ave maintenancedose: 0.5-1 mL/min.

我們讀聖經時，常常會讀到度量衡數量，由於聖經中用的度量衡與現在所用的度量衡完全不同。為此，我們設計了聖經中的度量衡轉換工具，供各位參考使用，希望對各位讀經有所幫助。