Description

Semantics (from Ancient Greek: σημαντικόςsēmantikos,"significant")is the linguistic and philosophical studyof meaning,in language, programming languages, formal logics, andsemiotics.It is concerned with the relationship betweensignifiers—likewords, phrases, signs, and symbols—and what theystand for, theirdenotation. In international scientific vocabulary,semantics isalso called semasiology. The word semantics was firstused byMichel Bréal, a French philologist.It denotes a range ofideas—fromthe popular to the highly technical. It is often used inordinarylanguage for denoting a problem of understanding that comesdown toword selection or connotation. This problem of understandinghasbeen the subject of many formal inquiries, over a long periodoftime, especially in the field of formal semantics. Inlinguistics,it is the study of the interpretation of signs orsymbols used inagents or communities within particularcircumstances and contexts.Within this view, sounds, facialexpressions, body language, andproxemics have semantic (meaningful)content, and each comprisesseveral branches of study. In writtenlanguage, things likeparagraph structure and punctuation bearsemantic content; otherforms of language bear other semanticcontent. The formal study ofsemantics intersects with many otherfields of inquiry, includinglexicology, syntax, pragmatics,etymology, and others.Independently, semantics is also awell-defined field in its ownright, often with syntheticproperties. In the philosophy oflanguage, semantics and referenceare closely connected. Furtherrelated fields include philology,communication, and semiotics. Theformal study of semantics can,therefore, be manifold and complex.Semantics contrasts with syntax,the study of the combinatorics ofunits of a language (withoutreference to their meaning), andpragmatics, the study of therelationships between the symbols of alanguage, their meaning, andthe users of the language. Semanticsas a field of study also hassignificant ties to variousrepresentational theories of meaningincluding truth theories ofmeaning, coherence theories of meaning,and correspondence theoriesof meaning. Each of these is related tothe general philosophicalstudy of reality and the representation ofmeaning. In 1960spsychosemantic studies became popular afterOsgood's massivecross-cultural studies using his semanticdifferential (SD) methodthat used thousands of nouns and adjectivebipolar scales. Aspecific form of the SD, Projective Semanticsmethod uses only mostcommon and neutral nouns that correspond tothe 7 groups (factors)of adjective-scales most consistently foundin cross-culturalstudies (Evaluation, Potency, Activity as found byOsgood, andReality, Organization, Complexity, Limitation as foundin otherstudies). In this method, seven groups of bipolar adjectivescalescorresponded to seven types of nouns so the method wasthought tohave the object-scale symmetry (OSS) between the scalesand nounsfor evaluation using these scales. For example, thenounscorresponding to the listed 7 factors would be Beauty,Power,Motion, Life, Work, Chaos, Law. Beauty was expected to beassessedunequivocally as “very good” on adjectives ofEvaluation-relatedscales, Life as “very real” on Reality-relatedscales, etc.However, deviations in this symmetric and very basicmatrix mightshow underlying biases of two types: sales-related biasandobjects-related bias. Suport Language: ✔ English ✔ العربية✔հայերեն ✔ Afrikaans ✔ বাংলা " ✔ Magyar ✔ Tiếng Việt ✔ Galego✔Nederlands ✔ Dansk ✔ עִבְרִית ✔ Español ✔ italiano ✔ katalis ✔한국어✔ lietuvių ✔ Melayu ✔ Deutsch ✔ Norsk ✔ فارسى ✔ polski ✔Português✔ română ✔ Српски ✔ slovenský ✔ slovenski ✔ ภาษา ไทย ✔தமிழ் " ✔Türkçe ✔ suomi ✔ français ✔ हिन्दी " ✔ hrvatski ✔ Čeština✔ Svenska✔ eesti ✔ 日本語 ✔ malayāḷaṁ ✔ Euskara ✔ indonesia