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American Revolution History 1.0
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The American Revolution was apoliticalupheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 duringwhichcolonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected theBritishmonarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of GreatBritain,and founded the United States of America.Starting in 1765, members of American colonial societyrejectedthe authority of the British Parliament to tax them withoutanyrepresentatives in the government. During the followingdecade,protests by colonists—known as Patriots—continued toescalate, asin the Boston Tea Party in 1773 during which patriotsdestroyed aconsignment of taxed tea from the East India Company.TheBritishresponded by imposing punitive laws—the CoerciveActs—onMassachusetts in 1774 until the tea had been paid for,followingwhich Patriots in the other colonies rallied behindMassachusetts.In late 1774 the Patriots set up their ownalternative governmentto better coordinate their resistance effortsagainst Britain,while other colonists, known as Loyalists,preferred to remainsubjects of the British Crown.Tensions escalated to the outbreak of fighting betweenPatriotmilitia and British regulars at Lexington and Concord inApril1775, after which the Patriot Suffolk Resolves effectivelyreplacedthe Royal government of Massachusetts, and confined theBritish tocontrol of the city of Boston. The conflict then evolvedinto aglobal war, during which the Patriots (and later theirFrench,Spanish and Dutch allies) fought the British and Loyalistsin whatbecame known as the American Revolutionary War(1775–1783).Patriots in each of the thirteen colonies formed aProvincialCongress that assumed power from the old colonialgovernments andsuppressed Loyalism. Claiming King George III's ruleto betyrannical and infringing the colonists' "rights asEnglishmen",the Continental Congress declared the colonies free andindependentstates in July 1776. The Patriot leadership professedthe politicalphilosophies of liberalism and republicanism to rejectmonarchy andaristocracy, and proclaimed that all men are createdequal.Congress rejected British proposals requiring allegiance tothemonarchy and abandonment of independence.The British were forced out of Boston in 1776, but thencapturedand held New York City for the duration of the war,nearlycapturing General Washington and his army. The Britishblockadedthe ports and captured other cities for brief periods, butfailedto defeat Washington's forces. In early 1778, following afailedpatriot invasion of Canada, a British army was captured byapatriot army at the Battle of Saratoga, following which theFrenchentered the war as allies of the United States. The warlaterturned to the American South, where the British captured anarmy atSouth Carolina, but failed to enlist enough volunteersfromLoyalist civilians to take effective control. AcombinedAmerican–French force captured a second British army atYorktown in1781, effectively ending the war in the United States. Apeacetreaty in 1783 confirmed the new nation's complete separationfromthe British Empire. The United States took possession of nearlyallthe territory east of the Mississippi River and south of theGreatLakes, with the British retaining control of Canada andSpaintaking Florida.In the period after the peace treaty in 1783, Loyalistsweresubjected to extreme suppression and acts of arbitraryviolence,including murder by lynching, despite a promise by patriotleadersto British negotiators that Loyalist rights would berespected. Alarge proportion were driven off their land and forcedto flee asrefugees to Canada.