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History of Ancient Egypt 4.1
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient NorthAfrica,concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River,situated inthe place that is now the country Egypt. AncientEgyptiancivilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalescedaround 3100BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) withthepolitical unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes(oftenidentified with Narmer). The history of ancient Egyptoccurred as aseries of stable kingdoms, separated by periods ofrelativeinstability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdomof theEarly Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Ageandthe New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. Egypt reached thepinnacleof its power in the New Kingdom, ruling much of Nubia and asizableportion of the Near East, after which it entered a period ofslowdecline. During the course of its history Egypt was invadedorconquered by a number of foreign powers, including the Hyksos,theLibyans, the Nubians, the Assyrians, the Achaemenid Persians,andthe Macedonians under the command of Alexander the Great. TheGreekPtolemaic Kingdom, formed in the aftermath of Alexander'sdeath,ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when, under Cleopatra, it fell totheRoman Empire and became a Roman province. The success ofancientEgyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adaptto theconditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture.Thepredictable flooding and controlled irrigation of thefertilevalley produced surplus crops, which supported a moredensepopulation, and social development and culture. With resourcestospare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation ofthevalley and surrounding desert regions, the early development ofanindependent writing system, the organization ofcollectiveconstruction and agricultural projects, trade withsurroundingregions, and a military intended to assert Egyptiandominance.Motivating and organizing these activities was abureaucracy ofelite scribes, religious leaders, and administratorsunder thecontrol of a pharaoh, who ensured the cooperation andunity of theEgyptian people in the context of an elaborate systemof religiousbeliefs. The many achievements of the ancient Egyptiansinclude thequarrying, surveying and construction techniques thatsupported thebuilding of monumental pyramids, temples, andobelisks; a system ofmathematics, a practical and effective systemof medicine,irrigation systems and agricultural productiontechniques, thefirst known planked boats, Egyptian faience andglass technology,new forms of literature, and the earliest knownpeace treaty, madewith the Hittites. Ancient Egypt has left alasting legacy. Its artand architecture were widely copied, and itsantiquities carriedoff to far corners of the world. Its monumentalruins have inspiredthe imaginations of travelers and writers forcenturies. Anew-found respect for antiquities and excavations inthe earlymodern period by Europeans and Egyptians led to thescientificinvestigation of Egyptian civilization and a greaterappreciationof its cultural legacy. This app is about history andfor researchPurpose .
